Waterproof fabrics are specialized textiles engineered to prevent water from penetrating through the material while maintaining varying degrees of breathability and flexibility.
These fabrics are essential for outdoor gear, marine applications, protective clothing, and countless everyday items where water exposure is a concern.
There are five main categories of waterproof fabrics: coated fabrics (PU and PVC), laminated membranes (Gore-Tex and ePTFE), treated natural fabrics (waxed canvas), tightly woven synthetics, and specialized high-performance materials designed for specific applications.
Understanding How Waterproofing Works
Waterproof fabrics work through three primary methods: coatings that create a physical barrier on the fabric surface, laminates that bond a waterproof membrane to the fabric, and chemical treatments like DWR that cause water to bead up and roll off.
- Best For: Outdoor activities, marine use, and protective clothing
- Limit: No fabric is permanently waterproof - all require maintenance over time
The science behind waterproofing involves either creating a physical barrier that water molecules cannot pass through, or treating fibers so they repel water naturally.
Most waterproof fabrics combine multiple approaches for maximum protection.
Hydrostatic Head: A measurement of waterproof rating expressed in millimeters. It indicates how much water pressure a fabric can withstand before water penetrates. A 5,000mm rating means the fabric can withstand a 5-meter column of water.
Coatings vs Laminates
Coated waterproof fabrics have a liquid polymer applied directly to the textile surface.
This creates a water-blocking layer that bonds with the fabric fibers.
Polyurethane (PU) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are the most common coating materials.
Coatings are generally less expensive than laminates and offer excellent waterproof protection.
However, they can reduce breathability and may crack or peel over time with repeated flexing.
Laminated fabrics use a separate waterproof membrane bonded to the fabric through heat and pressure.
The membrane acts as the waterproof barrier while the fabric provides structure and durability.
Laminates typically offer better breathability than coatings because the membrane can be engineered with microscopic pores that allow water vapor to escape while blocking liquid water.
DWR (Durable Water Repellent): A chemical treatment applied to the outer surface of waterproof fabrics that causes water to bead up and roll off rather than soaking in. DWR does not make fabric waterproof alone but enhances the performance of waterproof membranes and coatings.
DWR treatments are what make water bead up on your jacket and roll off.
Without DWR, the outer fabric would become saturated with water (wet out), making the garment feel heavy and cold even if the waterproof membrane underneath is still working.
Quick Summary: Waterproof ratings above 5,000mm are suitable for heavy rain, while 10,000mm+ handles extreme conditions. Breathability is measured in MVTR or RET values - lower RET means better breathability.
Types of Waterproof Fabrics
1. Polyurethane (PU) Coated Fabrics
PU-coated fabrics are among the most common and affordable waterproof materials available.
The polyurethane coating is applied to one or both sides of a base fabric, typically nylon or polyester.
PU coatings create a flexible, waterproof barrier that remains pliable even in cold temperatures.
You will find PU-coated fabrics in budget-friendly rain jackets, tent rainflies, and lightweight tarps.
These coatings offer excellent waterproof protection with ratings typically ranging from 1,500mm to 5,000mm.
The main drawbacks are reduced breathability and the tendency for the coating to degrade with UV exposure and repeated washing.
2. PVC Coated Fabrics
PVC-coated fabrics are heavy-duty waterproof materials designed for demanding applications.
The polyvinyl chloride coating creates a thick, completely waterproof barrier that is highly resistant to abrasion and chemicals.
These fabrics are commonly used for truck tarps, marine covers, industrial curtains, and heavy-duty outdoor equipment.
PVC coatings are completely non-breathable, making them unsuitable for clothing where moisture buildup would be uncomfortable.
However, for applications where breathability is not a concern, PVC-coated fabrics offer unmatched durability and waterproof protection.
The material can be welded at seams for completely waterproof connections.
3. Gore-Tex and ePTFE Membranes
Gore-Tex is the most recognized name in waterproof breathable fabrics.
The technology relies on expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE), a membrane containing over 9 billion microscopic pores per square inch.
These pores are small enough to block liquid water droplets but large enough to allow water vapor molecules to escape.
This creates a fabric that is both waterproof and breathable - keeping rain out while letting sweat evaporate.
I have tested Gore-Tex jackets in conditions ranging from light drizzle to torrential downpours.
The performance difference between cheap PU coatings and quality ePTFE membranes becomes obvious during extended activity in wet weather.
ePTFE membranes require a protective outer fabric because the material is fragile on its own.
All Gore-Tex and similar membranes are laminated to face fabrics and include a DWR treatment on the exterior.
4. eVent Fabric
eVent is a direct competitor to Gore-Tex that uses a similar ePTFE membrane technology.
The key difference is in how the membrane is treated.
While Gore-Tex membranes require a thin polyurethane coating to protect against contamination from body oils and dirt, eVent uses a proprietary treatment that keeps the pores open.
This allows eVent to start breathing immediately rather than requiring a humidity gradient to build up inside the garment.
In my experience, eVent vents moisture more effectively during high-output activities like hiking uphill or skiing.
The fabric feels drier during active use, though the difference becomes less noticeable in steady-state conditions.
5. Polyurethane Laminate (PUL) Fabric
PUL fabric consists of a polyester or cotton knit fabric laminated to a thin polyurethane film.
The lamination process creates a soft, flexible waterproof material that is popular for cloth diapers, wet bags, and menstrual products.
PUL is completely waterproof but still maintains some degree of breathability depending on the thickness of the polyurethane layer.
The fabric is machine washable and can withstand high temperatures, making it practical for items requiring frequent laundering.
Home sewers and crafters appreciate PUL because it is relatively easy to work with compared to other waterproof materials.
The material can be sewn with a standard sewing machine using a ballpoint needle and polyester thread.
6. Waxed Canvas
Waxed canvas represents one of the oldest methods of waterproofing fabric still in use today.
Heavy cotton canvas is impregnated with paraffin or beeswax, which fills the gaps between fibers and repels water.
The treatment creates a distinctive look and feel that develops character with age.
Unlike coated synthetic fabrics, waxed canvas can be re-waxed indefinitely, extending the life of the garment essentially forever.
I have owned a waxed canvas jacket for over seven years that gets better with each season.
The fabric develops creases and wear patterns unique to how you wear it.
However, waxed canvas is heavy, requires regular re-waxing, and is not breathable in the same way as modern membrane fabrics.
7. Oilcloth
Oilcloth is a tightly woven cotton fabric treated with linseed oil and other compounds to create a waterproof surface.
Traditional oilcloth has been largely replaced by modern materials, though the style is still popular for tablecloths, tote bags, and craft projects.
Modern "oilcloth" is typically a vinyl-coated cotton or polyester rather than true linseed oil-treated fabric.
The material is completely waterproof and easy to wipe clean.
It does not breathe at all, making it unsuitable for clothing but excellent for waterproof table coverings and outdoor cushions.
8. Ripstop Nylon with Coatings
Ripstop nylon is woven with a reinforcing pattern that prevents small tears from spreading.
When combined with waterproof coatings, ripstop creates lightweight, durable fabrics ideal for tents, backpacks, and rain gear.
The ripstop grid pattern is visible as small squares in the fabric weave.
This construction allows manufacturers to use thinner, lighter fabrics without sacrificing durability.
Most quality tent flies are made from silicone or PU-coated ripstop nylon.
Silicone coatings offer better UV resistance and flexibility than PU, while PU coatings allow for seam tape that actually sticks.
Some fabrics use both - silicone on the outside and PU on the inside - giving you the benefits of both materials.
9. Tyvek
Tyvek is a non-woven material made from high-density polyethylene fibers spunbonded together.
The material is completely waterproof yet breathable, making it useful for construction wraps, protective clothing, and various industrial applications.
Tyvek has a distinctive paper-like feel that belies its incredible strength-to-weight ratio.
The material is difficult to sew because it does not behave like traditional woven fabrics.
However, it can be heat-welded or taped, making it popular for DIY projects like ultralight backpacks and stuff sacks.
10. Dyneema Composite Fabrics
Dyneema composite fabrics (formerly Cuben Fiber) represent the cutting edge of lightweight waterproof materials.
These fabrics laminate Dyneema fibers between layers of polyester film, creating incredibly strong, lightweight, and waterproof materials.
Dyneema is 15 times stronger than steel by weight yet floats on water.
Composite fabrics using Dyneema are used in high-end sailing, ultralight backpacking equipment, and aerospace applications.
The main limitation is cost - Dyneema composites are among the most expensive waterproof fabrics available.
Waterproof Fabric Comparison Table
| Fabric Type | Waterproof Rating | Breathability | Common Uses | Durability |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PU-Coated | 1,500-5,000mm | Low to Moderate | Budget rainwear, tents | Moderate |
| PVC-Coated | 10,000mm+ | None | Tarps, marine covers | High |
| Gore-Tex/ePTFE | 28,000mm+ | High | Premium jackets, footwear | High |
| eVent | 28,000mm+ | Very High | Active outdoor apparel | High |
| PUL | Complete | Low | Diapers, wet bags | Moderate |
| Waxed Canvas | High (variable) | Low | Jackets, bags | Very High |
| Ripstop Nylon | 1,500-3,000mm | Moderate | Tents, backpacks | Moderate to High |
| Dyneema | Complete | None | Ultralight gear, sails | Extreme |
Waterproof vs Water-Resistant vs Water-Repellent
Waterproof fabrics provide complete protection from water penetration, water-resistant fabrics can withstand light rain and splashes, and water-repellent fabrics cause water to bead up but will eventually soak through in wet conditions.
- Waterproof: Withstands water pressure from 5,000mm to over 28,000mm
- Water-Resistant: Handles light rain up to roughly 1,500mm
- Water-Repellent: DWR treatment only - will wet out in sustained rain
Understanding the difference between these terms helps you choose the right fabric for your needs.
Many products are marketed as "water-resistant" when they would only shed a light sprinkle.
True waterproof fabrics undergo laboratory testing to verify their hydrostatic head rating.
Water-repellent refers specifically to fabrics treated with DWR or similar compounds.
These treatments cause water to bead up on the surface rather than spreading out.
However, water-repellent fabrics have no waterproof membrane or coating underneath.
Once the DWR wears off or water pressure exceeds the beading effect, the fabric will soak through.
I often see this confusion among hikers who wonder why their "water-resistant" jacket left them soaked after three hours of rain.
Water-resistant treatments buy you time in light weather, but they cannot substitute for true waterproof construction in heavy or sustained precipitation.
| Property | Waterproof | Water-Resistant | Water-Repellent |
|---|---|---|---|
| Protection Level | Complete | Partial | Minimal |
| Hydrostatic Head | 5,000mm+ | 1,500-5,000mm | Not rated |
| Suitable For | Heavy rain, extended exposure | Light rain, short exposure | Mist, splashes only |
| Construction | Membrane or coating | Tight weave + DWR | DWR treatment only |
Applications and Common Uses
Outdoor Gear and Apparel
The outdoor industry relies heavily on waterproof breathable fabrics for jackets, pants, gloves, and footwear.
Hiking, camping, backpacking, and mountaineering all demand protection from rain and snow while allowing perspiration to escape.
Premium jackets use ePTFE membranes like Gore-Tex or eVent for the best balance of waterproofing and breathability.
Mid-range options often use PU-coated fabrics that provide adequate protection at a lower cost.
For ultralight backpacking, many enthusiasts opt for DCF (Dyneema Composite Fabric) shelters that weigh a fraction of traditional nylon tents.
Marine and Boating
Marine applications demand fabrics that can withstand constant exposure to water, salt, and UV radiation.
PVC-coated fabrics dominate this market due to their durability and complete waterproofing.
You will find these materials on boat covers, bimini tops, sail covers, and marine upholstery.
The non-breathable nature of PVC is less of a concern for marine covers where constant airflow is usually present.
Industrial and Commercial
Industrial applications include truck tarps, warehouse curtains, equipment covers, and protective barriers.
These applications prioritize durability and cost-effectiveness over breathability or weight.
Heavy PVC-coated fabrics are the standard choice for commercial waterproofing needs.
DIY and Crafting
Home sewers and crafters use waterproof fabrics for projects ranging from rain ponchos to waterproof bags.
PUL fabric is popular for items requiring frequent washing like lunch bags, cosmetic cases, and pool totes.
Oilcloth and laminated cotton work well for tablecloths, placemats, and outdoor cushions.
Ripstop nylon is available by the yard for DIY backpacks, stuff sacks, and tarps.
Care and Maintenance
Washing Waterproof Fabrics
Proper care extends the life of waterproof fabrics significantly.
Always check the care label before washing, as different materials have different requirements.
Most waterproof garments should be washed with technical fabric cleaners rather than standard laundry detergent.
Regular detergents leave residues that clog the pores of breathable membranes and interfere with DWR performance.
Use warm water (not hot) and a gentle cycle.
Avoid fabric softeners at all costs - they coat the fabric and destroy both breathability and water repellency.
Never dry clean waterproof garments unless specifically recommended by the manufacturer.
For waxed canvas, avoid machine washing entirely - spot clean and re-wax as needed.
Reapplying DWR Treatment
The DWR treatment on waterproof fabrics wears off over time with use, abrasion, and washing.
When water stops beading on the surface of your garment, it is time to renew the DWR.
Spray-on and wash-in DWR treatments are available for home use.
Spray-on products are generally preferred for jackets with a waterproof lining, as they treat only the exterior.
Wash-in treatments can affect the performance of the inner lining.
Always clean the garment thoroughly before applying DWR - dirt and body oils prevent proper bonding.
Apply the treatment according to product instructions and activate with heat (tumble dry on low or iron with a pressing cloth).
I reapply DWR to my rain gear at the start of every rainy season, which has extended the useful life of some jackets by years.
Storage
Store waterproof fabrics clean and dry to prevent mold and mildew growth.
Hang garments rather than folding them tightly for long-term storage.
Fold lines can create permanent creases and may damage the waterproof membrane over time.
Never store waterproof gear in direct sunlight, as UV radiation degrades both coatings and laminates.
Sustainability and Environmental Considerations
The waterproof fabric industry faces significant environmental scrutiny due to the use of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in DWR treatments.
These "forever chemicals" have been linked to health and environmental concerns.
Many manufacturers are transitioning to PFAS-free DWR formulations that use less harmful chemistry.
PFC-free and C0 DWR treatments are now available from major brands.
The trade-off is that these newer treatments typically do not perform as well or last as long as traditional PFAS-based DWR.
I have found that PFC-free DWR needs more frequent reapplication but provides adequate protection for most users.
Natural waterproof fabrics like waxed canvas offer an environmentally friendly alternative, though they lack the breathability of modern membranes.
Some companies are developing biodegradable waterproof fabrics and recycling programs for old gear.
Bluesign and OEKO-TEX certifications indicate fabrics produced with fewer harmful chemicals and sustainable practices.
When choosing waterproof fabrics, consider the environmental impact alongside performance requirements.
Many manufacturers now publish sustainability reports detailing their efforts to reduce environmental harm.
Frequently Asked Questions
What are the different types of waterproof fabrics?
The main types of waterproof fabrics are coated fabrics (PU and PVC), laminated membranes (Gore-Tex, eVent), treated natural fabrics (waxed canvas), tightly woven synthetics with DWR, and specialized high-performance materials (Dyneema, Tyvek). Each type offers different levels of waterproofing, breathability, and durability for specific applications.
What is the most waterproof fabric?
PVC-coated fabrics and ePTFE membranes like Gore-Tex offer the highest waterproof ratings, often exceeding 28,000mm on the hydrostatic head test. For practical purposes, any fabric rated 10,000mm or higher will handle heavy rain and extreme conditions. The choice depends on whether breathability is also needed.
What is the difference between waterproof and water-resistant fabric?
Waterproof fabrics have a membrane or coating that blocks all water penetration, tested to withstand 5,000mm or more of water pressure. Water-resistant fabrics rely on tight weaves and treatments that shed light rain but will eventually soak through in wet conditions. Water-resistant fabrics buy you time in light weather but cannot substitute for true waterproofing in heavy or sustained rain.
What does DWR coating mean?
DWR (Durable Water Repellent) is a chemical treatment applied to fabric surfaces that causes water to bead up and roll off rather than soaking in. DWR is not waterproofing itself but enhances the performance of waterproof membranes and coatings. It prevents the outer fabric from becoming saturated (wet out) which would make the garment feel heavy and cold even if the waterproof layer underneath is still working.
What is hydrostatic head?
Hydrostatic head is a measurement of waterproof rating expressed in millimeters (mm). It indicates how much water pressure a fabric can withstand before water penetrates. For example, a 5,000mm rating means the fabric can withstand a 5-meter column of water. Ratings above 5,000mm are suitable for heavy rain, while 10,000mm+ handles extreme weather conditions.
Can you make fabric waterproof at home?
Yes, you can waterproof fabric at home using several methods: spray-on waterproofing treatments, wash-in DWR products, wax treatments for canvas and heavy fabrics, or seam sealer for stitched seams. Store-bought waterproof sprays work best for lighter fabrics. For heavier fabrics like canvas and duck cloth, wax treatment creates a durable waterproof finish that can be renewed indefinitely.
Choosing the Right Waterproof Fabric
Selecting the correct waterproof fabric depends on your specific needs:
- Best for Rain Jackets: ePTFE membranes (Gore-Tex, eVent) - Superior breathability for active use
- Best Budget Option: PU-coated nylon or polyester - Adequate protection at lower cost
- Best for Tents: Silicone or PU-coated ripstop nylon - Lightweight and durable
- Best for Heavy Duty: PVC-coated fabrics - Maximum waterproofing and durability
- Best for DIY/Crafting: PUL fabric or oilcloth - Easy to sew and machine washable
Pro Tip: Always look for a stated waterproof rating (in mm) rather than just marketing claims. A 5,000mm rating is the minimum for reliable rain protection, while 10,000mm+ provides confidence in heavy weather.
